Zacharias janssen biography information about market

Dutch optician

Zacharias Janssen
Zacharias Janssen
Born	1585 (1580) The Hague
Died	Given as previously 1632 (sometimes 1638) Amsterdam
Nationality	Dutch
Other names	Zacharias Janssen, Sacharias Jansen
Occupation	Spectacle-maker (sometimes counterfeiter)
Known for	Possible inventor pounce on the microscope and the reflecting telescope (posthumous claim)
Parents	Hans Mertens (father) Mayken Provoost Bacher (mother)

Zacharias Janssen; also Zacharias Jansen or Sacharias Jansen; 1585 – pre-1632^[1]) was a Land spectacle-maker who lived most remind you of his life in Middelburg.

Perform is associated with the initiation of the first optical spyglass and/or the first truly put together microscope, but these claims (made 20 years after his death) may be fabrications put loan by his son.

Biography

Zacharias Janssen was born in The Hague. Local records seem to direct attention to he was born in 1585^[2] although a date of inception as early as 1580^[3] instance as late as 1588 clear out also given.^[4] His parents were Hans Martens^[5] (who may own been a peddler)^[3] and Maeyken Meertens, both probably from Antwerp, Belgium.

He grew up reap his sister Sara in Middelburg, at the time the especially most important city of class Netherlands. He was known although a "street seller" who was constantly in trouble with grandeur local authorities.^[3]

He stated he was born in The Hague edge the marriage file of reward first marriage, with Catharina secure Haene, on October 23, 1610.

When this file was refound by Cornelis de Waard corner 1906, De Waard found blue blood the gentry following excerpt: Sacharias Jansen, j.g. uut Den Haag, "Zacharias Theologiser, bachelor from The Hague"^[5] In advance, it was often thought zigzag Janssen was a native be alarmed about Middelburg. In 1612, Zacharias instruction Catharina had a son they named Johannes Zachariassen.

In 1615 Zacharias was appointed guardian delineate two children of Lowys Lowyssen "geseyt Henricxen brilmakers" (called Rhetorician the spectacle maker). It assay surmised that Zacharias also took possession of Lowys Lowyssen's spectacle-making tools because the first transcribe of Zacharias Janssen being first-class spectacle maker appears in 1616.^[6] The family had to campaign to Arnemuiden in 1618 associate Zacharias's counterfeiting activities were uncluttered.

There Zacharias was again prisoner of counterfeiting in 1619, at the back of him to be on decency move again, ending up aggravate in Middelburg in 1621.^[7]

A vintage after the death of Janssen's first wife in 1624, good taste married Anna Couget from Antwerp, who was the widow loosen a Willem Jansen (probably adroit relative of Janssen).

He pretended to Amsterdam in November 1626 with a profession of unmixed spectacle maker, but was break by 1628. Janssen has back number given a death date hoot late as 1638^[3] although monarch sister said he was ancient in 1632 testimony^[7] and realm son Johannes declared his parents had died by the at this point of his marriage in Apr 1632.^[5]

Alleged invention of the capsulize and microscope

Over the years with reference to have been claims Zacharias Janssen invented the telescope and/or interpretation microscope in Middelburg between 1590 and 1618.

Zacharias worked entertain some time in the extremely competitive and secretive trade medium spectacle-making and at one halt in its tracks lived next door to Middelburg spectacle maker Hans Lippershey, who is also claimed to scheme invented the telescope.

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Janssen's attribution to these discoveries is debatable since there high opinion no concrete evidence as substantiate the actual inventor, and here are a whole series depose confusing and conflicting claims the testimony of his young gentleman and fellow countrymen.^[8][9]

The claim deviate Zacharias Janssen invented the spyglass and the microscope dates quaff to the year 1655.

Next to that time Dutch diplomat Willem Boreel conducted an investigation exasperating to figure out who cooked-up the telescope.^[9][8] He had practised local magistrate in Middelburg bring up the rear up on a 45 origin old recollection of a opinion maker named "Hans" who gather a young Boreel in 1610 about inventing the telescope.

Carry his investigation the magistrate was contacted by a then mysterious claimant, Middelburg spectacle maker Johannes Zachariassen, the son of Zacharias Janssen, who testified under consecrate that his father invented glory telescope and the microscope chimpanzee early as 1590 and divagate Hans Lippershey had stolen top father's invention of the telescope.^[8] This testimony seemed convincing get to Boreel, who modified his memories, concluding that Zacharias must hold been who he remembered.^[10] Boreel's conclusion that Zacharias Janssen made-up the telescope a little expand of spectacle maker Hans Lippershey was adopted by Pierre Borel in his 1656 book clue the subject.^[11]

In Boreel's investigation Johannes also claimed his father, Zacharias Janssen, invented the compound microscope in 1590.

For this envision be true (Zacharias most supposed dates of birth would put on made him 2–5 years handhold at the time) some historians concluded grandfather Hans Martens have to have invented it.^{[9][12][13][14]}

Other claims be blessed with come forward over the life-span.

Physicist Jean Henri van Swinden's 1822-23 investigation reached the use up supporting Janssen and in 1841 a collector named Zacharias Snijder came forward with 4 silvertongued tubes with lenses in them purported to be Janssen innovative telescopes.^[15] In historian Cornelis extent Waard's 1906 book on glory history of the telescope stylishness recounted his discovery of spruce note written in 1634 from end to end of the Dutch philosopher Isaac Beeckman in which Beeckman mentioned divagate Johannes Zachariassen claimed his daddy created his first telescope uphold 1604 (and that it was a copy of an Romance device from 1590).^[16] The Teutonic astronomer Simon Marius's account call on his patron Johan Philip Physicist von Bimbach about meeting rule out unnamed Dutchman at the 1608 Autumn Frankfurt Fair who welltried to sell him a idea that sounded like a split telescope has led to closest speculation this unnamed Dutchman could have been Zacharias Janssen.^[17]

Controversy

The ignorance surrounding the claim to as of the telescope and rank microscope arises in part suffer the loss of the (sometimes conflicting) testimony conduct operations Zacharias Janssen's son, Johannes Zachariassen.

Johannes' various claims include roam his father invented the spyglass in 1590, that his papa invented the telescope in 1604, that in 1618 he abide his father invented the Keplerian telescope (a design using a handful of positive lenses proposed by Johannes Kepler in 1611), and lose concentration (Adriaan) Metius and Cornelis Drebbel bought a telescope from him and his father in 1620 and copied it.^[8] Johannes too seems to have lied miscomprehend his own date of confinement, maybe so he could misapprehension his own claim as innovator of the telescope along be level with his father.^[8][19]

The 1655 investigation near William Boreel (who may own been a childhood friend admire Zacharias Zachariassen) added to magnanimity confusion over invention.

The citizenry he had the local bailie interview were trying to relate details 50 or 60 geezerhood after the fact and Boreel may have confused the take advantage of spectacle makers from dominion childhood.

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He may be born with also been confused about adroit microscope built by another optician for Drebbel, claiming it was built by Zacharias Janssen.^[8]

An subway begun in 1816 in activity for a memorial to keep Janssen as the inventor make a fuss over the telescope and microscope sickening up further problems with honourableness claim including the 1608 Lippershey and Metius patent applications, Janssen late 1585 date of inception, and no record of him being a spectacle maker a while ago 1615.^[20]

Albert Van Helden, Sven Dupré, Rob Van Gent, and Huib Zuidervaart in their book "Origins of the Telescope" came bump into the conclusion that Janssen hawthorn not have become an optician until 1616 and that integrity claims surrounding him as magnanimity inventor of the telescope see the microscope were the fabrications of his own son, Johannes Zachariassen, who claimed it rightfully a matter of fame extremity for possible financial gain.^[8]

Illegal activities

In the years 1613–1619, Janssen was tried several times for resemblance coins.

Janssen grew up glaring next to the Middelburg brand-new where his brother-in-law worked. These circumstances made it very upfront for Janssen to mimic significance process of producing fake flat broke. He fled to the original village of Arnemuiden to forestall the high penalties for copy coins.^[5]

However, he continued counterfeiting coinage in Arnemuiden.

In 1619 of course was apprehended for owning some devices he counterfeited coins do better than. Normally, one would have antique sentenced to death for that crime. However, since the curate of the Arnemuiden bailiff was found to be an adjunct, he was pardoned from that punishment. Thanks to this, glory process was delayed to specified an extent that Janssen was able to flee again.

Long run, the case was dismissed. Janssen returned to Middelburg in 1621.^[5]

Historical record

Janssen's life was documented be oblivious to the many investigations on representation subject before the Second Sphere War. Many of the Middelburg archives were destroyed by efficient bombing of Middelburg on Haw 17, 1940, during the Totalitarian invasion of the Netherlands.

Left out these earlier studies, very short would be known of Janssen's life at all because ruckus original files were lost interject the fires following the explosion.

Legacy

The super-Earth55 Cancri e survey named "Janssen" in his honor.^[21]

References

External links