Sri aurobindo biography in bengali

Indian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, sonneteer and nationalist (1872–1950)

For the painkiller company, see Aurobindo Pharma.

Sri Aurobindo
Aurobindo, c. 1900
Born	Aurobindo Ghose (1872-08-15)15 Revered 1872 Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Died	5 Dec 1950(1950-12-05) (aged 78) Pondicherry, French India (present-day Pondicherry, Puducherry, India)
Nationality	Indian
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Relatives	Rajnarayan Basu (maternal-grandfather) Manmohan Ghose (brother) Barindra Kumar Ghose (brother)[1]
Signature
Religion	Hindu
Founder of	Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Philosophy
Disciples Champaklal, Nolini Kanta Gupta, Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, K. D. Sethna, Nirodbaran, Pavitra, M. P. Pandit, A.B. Purani, Dilipkumar Roy, Satprem, Indra Sen

Sri Aurobindo (born Aurobindo Ghose; 15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950) was an Amerindian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet, Specialist and Indian nationalist.^[3] He was also a journalist, editing newspapers such as Bande Mataram.

Earth joined the Indian movement mean independence from British colonial cross your mind, until 1910 was one star as its influential leaders, and authenticate became a spiritual reformer, placement his visions on human comprehend and spiritual evolution.

Aurobindo mincing for the Indian Civil Practise at King's College, in City, England.

After returning to Bharat he took up various laical service works under the Maharajah of the princely state come within earshot of Baroda and became increasingly fade away in nationalist politics in high-mindedness Indian National Congress and illustriousness nascent revolutionary movement in Bengal with the Anushilan Samiti.

Purify was arrested in the aftereffect of a number of bombings linked to his organization overcome a public trial where put your feet up faced charges of treason carry out Alipore Conspiracy. However, Sri Aurobindo could only be convicted stall imprisoned for writing articles disagree with British colonial rule in Bharat. He was released when negation evidence could be provided, masses the murder of a disputing witness, Narendranath Goswami, during dignity trial.

During his stay misrepresent the jail, he had recondite and spiritual experiences, after which he moved to Pondicherry, termination politics for spiritual work.

At Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo developed fastidious spiritual practice he called Intrinsic Yoga. The central theme tip off his vision was the transform of human life into straighten up divine life in a godly body.

He believed in tidy spiritual realisation that not solitary liberated but transformed human chip in, enabling a divine life consider earth. In 1926, with loftiness help of his spiritual associate, Mirra Alfassa (referred to significance "The Mother"), Sri Aurobindo Ashram was founded.

Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice for the Philanthropist prize without it being awarded, in 1943 for the Altruist award in Literature and walk heavily 1950 for the Nobel present in Peace.

His main mythical works are The Life Divine, which deals with the discerning aspect of Integral Yoga;^[5]Synthesis devotee Yoga, which deals with integrity principles and methods of Impassive Yoga;^[6] and Savitri: A Narration and a Symbol, an large poem.

Biography

Early life

Aurobindo Ghose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, India on 15 August 1872 in a Magadhan Kayastha family that was proportionate with the town of Konnagar in the Hooghly district announcement present-day West Bengal.^[7] His priest, Krishna Dhun Ghose, was consequently assistant surgeon of Rangpur slip in Bengal and later civil doctor of Khulna, and a badger member of the Brahmo Samaj religious reform movement who abstruse become enamoured with the then-new idea of evolution while underwrite medical studies in Edinburgh.^[8][a] Climax mother Swarnalata Devi's father Shri Rajnarayan Bose was a cap figure in the Samaj.

She had been sent to leadership more salubrious surroundings of Calcutta for Aurobindo's birth. Aurobindo difficult to understand two elder siblings, Benoybhusan paramount Manmohan, a younger sister, Sarojini, and a younger brother, Barindra Kumar (also referred to makeover Barin).

Young Aurobindo was brought majesty speaking English, but used Hindoostani to communicate with servants.

Allowing his family were Bengali, government father believed British culture advice be superior. He and wreath two elder siblings were propel to the English-speaking Loreto Podium boarding school in Darjeeling, crate part to improve their make conversation skills and in part distribute distance them from their idleness, who had developed a real mccoy illness soon after the creation of her first child.

Darjeeling was a centre of Anglo-Indians in India and the faculty was run by Irish nuns, through which the boys would have been exposed to Christly religious teachings and symbolism.

England (1879–1893)

Krishna Dhun Ghose wanted his offspring to enter the Indian Courteous Service (ICS), an elite system comprising around 1000 people.

Forbear achieve this it was warrantable that they study in England and so it was involving that the entire family worked in 1879.^[b] The three brothers were placed in the control of the Reverend W. About. Drewett in Manchester. Drewett was a minister of the Congregationalist Church whom Krishna Dhun Ghose knew through his British associates at Rangpur.^[c]

The boys were nurtured Latin by Drewett and cap wife.

This was a indispensable for admission to good Nation schools and, after two length of existence, in 1881, the elder yoke siblings were enrolled at Metropolis Grammar School. Aurobindo was held too young for enrollment, tell off he continued his studies ring true the Drewetts, learning history, Greek, French, geography and arithmetic.

Conj albeit the Drewetts were told sound to teach religion, the boys inevitably were exposed to Faith teachings and events, which for the most part bored Aurobindo and sometimes sickened him. There was little technique with his father, who wrote only a few letters collect his sons while they were in England, but what memo there was indicated that dirt was becoming less endeared commerce the British in India puzzle he had been, on individual occasion describing the British residents government as "heartless".

Drewett emigrated say nice things about Australia in 1884, causing probity boys to be uprooted owing to they went to live copy Drewett's mother in London.

Sieve September of that year, Aurobindo and Manmohan joined St Paul's School there.^[d] He learned Hellene and spent the last four years reading literature and Honourably poetry, while he also borrowed some familiarity with the Teutonic and Italian languages; Peter Heehs resumes his linguistic abilities give up stating that at "the approval of the century he knew at least twelve languages: Objectively, French, and Bengali to asseverate, read, and write; Latin, Hellenic, and Sanskrit to read stand for write; Gujarati, Marathi, and Sanskrit to speak and read; impressive Italian, German, and Spanish get rid of read."^[19] Being exposed to loftiness evangelical structures of Drewett's ormal developed in him a odium for religion, and he thoughtful himself at one point drawback be an atheist but next determined that he was doubter.

A blue plaque unveiled set up 2007 commemorates Aurobindo's residence tantalize 49 St Stephen's Avenue esteem Shepherd's Bush, London, from 1884 to 1887. The three brothers began living in spartan system at the Liberal Club shamble South Kensington during 1887, their father having experienced some monetary difficulties.

The club's secretary was James Cotton, brother of their father's friend in the Bengal ICS, Henry Cotton.

By 1889, Manmohan had determined to pursue trig literary career and Benoybhusan difficult to understand proved himself unequal to dignity standards necessary for ICS access. This meant that only Aurobindo might fulfill his father's pretentiousness but to do so during the time that his father lacked money de rigueur that he studied hard be attracted to a scholarship.

To become implicate ICS official, students were urgent to pass the competitive study, as well as to glance at at an English university form two years under probation. Aurobindo secured a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge, under recommendation find Oscar Browning. He passed picture written ICS examination after smashing few months, being ranked Ordinal out of 250 competitors.

Fair enough spent the next two stage at King's College. Aurobindo locked away no interest in the Regularity and came late to honourableness horse-riding practical exam purposefully get on the right side of get himself disqualified for excellence service.In 1891 Sri Aurobindo besides felt that a period refer to great upheaval for his fatherland was coming in which noteworthy was destined to play brush important role.

He began make contact with learn Bengali and joined top-notch secret society, romantically named 'Lotus and Dagger', where the workers took an oath to thought for India's freedom.^[25]

At this spell, the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III, was travelling adjust England. Cotton secured for him a place in Baroda Run about like a headless chicken Service and arranged for him to meet the prince.

Good taste left England for India, happening there in February 1893. Encompass India, Krishna Dhun Ghose, who was waiting to receive jurisdiction son, was misinformed by government agents from Bombay (now Mumbai) that the ship on which Aurobindo had been travelling locked away sunk off the coast stare Portugal.

His father died arrive suddenly hearing this news.

Baroda and Calcutta (1893–1910)

Main article: Political history hostilities Sri Aurobindo

See also: Anushilan Samiti

In Baroda, Aurobindo joined the indict service in 1893, working head in the Survey and Settlements department, later moving to dignity Department of Revenue and after that to the Secretariat, and disproportionate miscellaneous work like teaching credo and assisting in writing speeches for the Maharaja of Gaekwad until 1897.

In 1897 nearby his work in Baroda, of course started working as a uneven French teacher at Baroda Institution (now Maharaja Sayajirao University nucleus Baroda). He was later promoted to the post of vice-principal. At Baroda, Aurobindo self-studied Indic and Bengali.

During his stay amalgamation Baroda, he had contributed hitch many articles to Indu Prakash and had spoken as splendid chairman of the Baroda faculty board.

He started taking double-cross active interest in the government policy of the Indian independence carriage against British colonial rule, compatible behind the scenes as potentate position in the Baroda status administration barred him from image overt political activity. He kin up with resistance groups take on Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, completely travelling to these states.

Aurobindo established contact with Lokmanya Tilak and Sister Nivedita.

Aurobindo usually travelled between Baroda and Bengal, at first in a tidy to re-establish links with cap parents' families and other Ethnos relatives, including his sister Sarojini and brother Barin, and consequent increased to establish resistance accumulations across the Presidency.

He officially moved to Calcutta in 1906 after the announcement of class Partition of Bengal. In 1901, on a visit to Calcutta, he married 14-year-old Mrinalini, illustriousness daughter of Bhupal Chandra Bose, a senior official in control service. Aurobindo was 28 mop up that time. Mrinalini died 17 years later in December 1918 during the influenza pandemic.

In 1906, Aurobindo was appointed the pull it off principal of the National Faculty in Calcutta, started to give national education to Indian youth.^[35] He resigned from this angle in August 1907, due reach his increased political activity.^[36] Nobleness National College continues to birth present as Jadavpur University, Kolkata.^[37]

Aurobindo was influenced by studies temporary rebellion and revolutions against England in medieval France and prestige revolts in America and Italia.

In his public activities, take action favored Non cooperation and Secluded resistance; in private he took up secret revolutionary activity likewise a preparation for open rebellion, in case that the acquiescent revolt failed.

In Bengal, with Barin's help, he established contacts tube inspired revolutionaries such as Bagha Jatin or Jatin Mukherjee dowel Surendranath Tagore.

He helped start a series of youth clubs, including the Anushilan Samiti be fitting of Calcutta in 1902.

Aurobindo attended interpretation 1906 Congress meeting headed chunk Dadabhai Naoroji and participated chimpanzee a councilor in forming influence fourfold objectives of "Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott, and national education". Unsubtle 1907 at the Surat category of Congress where moderates dominant extremists had a major climax, he led along with seditionists along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

The Congress split after that session. In 1907–1908 Aurobindo traveled extensively to Pune, Bombay jaunt Baroda to firm up centre for the nationalist cause, donation speeches and meeting with assemblys. He was arrested again delicate May 1908 in connection engage the Alipore Bomb Case. Agreed was acquitted in the successive trial, following the murder avail yourself of chief prosecution witness Naren Goswami within jail premises, which in short led to the case wreck him collapsing.

Aurobindo was accordingly released after a year grow mouldy isolated incarceration.

Once out model the prison he started flash new publications, Karmayogin in Truly and Dharma in Bengali. Blooper also delivered the, Uttarpara Speaking hinting at the transformation bank his focus to spiritual shot. Repression from the British citizens government against him continued on account of of his writings in queen new journals and in Apr 1910 Aurobindo moved to Pondicherry, where the British colonial mysterious police monitored his activities.

Conversion breakout politics to spirituality

In July 1905 then Viceroy of India, Ruler Curzon, partitioned Bengal.

This sparked an outburst of public show against the British, leading collision civil unrest and a separatist campaign by groups of seditionaries that included Aurobindo. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to kill Magistrate Kingsford, a judge known for allotting down particularly severe sentences conflicting nationalists.

However, the bomb fearful at his horse carriage vanished its target and instead respectable in another carriage and stick two British women, the bride and daughter of barrister Pringle Kennedy. Aurobindo was also restrain on charges of planning endure overseeing the attack and incarcerated in solitary confinement in Alipore Jail. The trial of representation Alipore Bomb Case lasted rationalize a year, but eventually, closure was acquitted on 6 Can 1909.

His defense counsel was Chittaranjan Das.

During this period give back the Jail, his view sustenance life was radically changed claim to spiritual experiences and realizations. Consequently, his aim went inaccessible beyond the service and publication of the country.

Aurobindo aforementioned he was "visited" by Vivekananda in the Alipore Jail: "It is a fact that Uproarious was hearing constantly the schedule of Vivekananda speaking to conclusive for a fortnight in blue blood the gentry jail in my solitary reflexion and felt his presence."

In authority autobiographical notes, Aurobindo said yes felt a vast sense provision calmness when he first came back to India.

He could not explain this and drawn-out to have various such recollections from time to time. Soil knew nothing of yoga handy that time and started climax practice of it without dialect trig teacher, except for some tome that he learned from Popular. Devadhar, a friend who was a disciple of Swami Brahmananda of Ganga Math, Chandod.^[46] Emergence 1907, Barin introduced Aurobindo suggest Vishnu Bhaskar Lele, a Maharashtrian yogi.

Aurobindo was influenced by virtue of the guidance he got take the stones out of the yogi, who had intelligent Aurobindo to depend on unadorned inner guide and any intense of external guru or education would not be required.

In 1910 Aurobindo withdrew himself from each political activities and went puncture hiding at Chandannagar in goodness house of Motilal Roy, size the British colonial government were attempting to prosecute him use sedition on the basis method a signed article titled 'To My Countrymen', published in Karmayogin.

As Aurobindo disappeared from come out, the warrant was held bet on a support and the prosecution postponed. Aurobindo manoeuvred the police into splash action and a warrant was issued on 4 April 1910, but the warrant could quite a distance be executed because on digress date he had reached Pondicherry, then a French colony. Magnanimity warrant against Aurobindo was retiring.

Pondicherry (1910–1950)

In Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo dedicated himself to his ecclesiastical and philosophical pursuits. In 1914, after four years of remote yoga, he started a serial philosophical magazine called Arya. That ceased publication in 1921. Myriad years later, he revised heavy of these works before they were published in book teach.

Some of the book leanto derived out of this textbook was The Life Divine, The Synthesis of Yoga, Essays parody The Gita, The Secret hark back to The Veda, Hymns to class Mystic Fire, The Upanishads, The Renaissance in India, War don Self-determination, The Human Cycle, The Ideal of Human Unity sit The Future Poetry were available in this magazine.

At the formula of his stay at Pondicherry, there were few followers, on the other hand with time their numbers grew, resulting in the formation obvious the Sri Aurobindo Ashram hold 1926.^[51] From 1926 he afoot to sign himself as Sri Aurobindo, Sri being commonly inoperative as an honorific.

For some interval afterwards, his main literary productivity was his voluminous correspondence inspect his disciples.

His letters, first of which were written advance the 1930s, numbered in glory several thousand. Many were short comments made in the angle of his disciple's notebooks dwell in answer to their questions skull reports of their spiritual practice—others extended to several pages appreciated carefully composed explanations of prosaic aspects of his teachings.

These were later collected and publicised in book form in duo volumes of Letters on Yoga. In the late 1930s, loosen up resumed work on a chime he had started earlier—he long to expand and revise that poem for the rest give a miss his life. It became possibly his greatest literary achievement, Savitri, an epic spiritual poem bargain blank verse of approximately 24,000 lines.

On 15 August 1947, Sri Aurobindo strongly opposed the splitting up of India, stating that of course hoped "the Nation will classify accept the settled fact renovation for ever settled, or because anything more than a transcribe expedient."^[55]

Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice over for the Nobel prize steer clear of it being awarded, in 1943 for the Nobel award pigs Literature and in 1950 shield the Nobel award in Peace.^[56]

Sri Aurobindo died on 5 Dec 1950, of uremia.

Around 60,000 people attended to see authority body resting peacefully.^[57] Indian Best Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and prestige President Rajendra Prasad praised him for his contribution to Hindooism philosophy and the independence proclivity. National and international newspapers communicate to his death.^[51]

Mirra Alfassa (The Mother) and the development of greatness Ashram

Sri Aurobindo's close spiritual turncoat, Mirra Alfassa (born Alfassa), came to be known as The Mother.^[59] She was a Country national, born in Paris control 21 February 1878.

In squash up 20s she studied occultism slaughter Max Theon. Along with in sync husband, Paul Richard, she went to Pondicherry on 29 Tread 1914, and finally settled just about in 1920. Sri Aurobindo putative her his spiritual equal accept collaborator. After 24 November 1926, when Sri Aurobindo retired drawn seclusion, he left it obstacle her to plan, build take precedence run the ashram, the district of disciples which had concentrated around them.

Sometime later, what because families with children joined honourableness ashram, she established and controlled by the Sri Aurobindo International Nucleus of Education with its experiments in the field of tuition. When he died in 1950, she continued their spiritual groove, directed the ashram, and guided their disciples.

Philosophy and spiritual vision

Main article: Integral yoga

Sri Aurobindo's model of Being and Evolution
Levels of Being					Development
Overall	Outer Being		Inner Being	Psychic Being
Supermind	Supermind				Gnostic Man
					Supra-mentalisation
Mind	Overmind			Psychisation and Spiritualisation
	Intuition
	Illuminated Attention
	Higher Mind
	Subconscient mind	Mind proper	Subliminal (inner) mind	Evolution
Vital	Subconsc. Vital	Vital	Subl. (inner) Vital
Physical	Subconsc. Physical	Physical	Subl. (inner) Physical
Inconscient	Inconscient

Introduction

Sri Aurobindo's concept bazaar the Integral Yoga system give something the onceover described in his books, The Synthesis of Yoga and The Life Divine. The Life Divine is a compilation of essays published serially in Arya.

Sri Aurobindo argues that divine Brahman manifests as empirical reality through līlā, or divine play.

Instead be advisable for positing that the world phenomenon experience is an illusion (māyā), Aurobindo argues that world focus on evolve and become a spanking world with new species, long way above the human species efficacious as human species have evolved after the animal species. Renovation such he argued that picture end goal of spiritual custom could not merely be capital liberation from the world be converted into Samadhi but would also fleece that of descent of description Divine into the world compact order to transform it behaviour a Divine existence.

Thus, that constituted the purpose of Essential Yoga.^[65] Regarding the involution forfeiture consciousness in matter, he wrote that: "This descent, this easy prey of the Purusha, the Godly Soul submitting itself to Intimidate and Matter so that remove from office may inform and illuminate them is the seed of quid pro quo of this world of Inconscience and Ignorance."^[66]

Sri Aurobindo believed give it some thought Darwinism merely describes a incident of the evolution of affair into life, but does gather together explain the reason behind park, while he finds life chitchat be already present in issue, because all of existence recapitulate a manifestation of Brahman.

Recognized argues that nature (which let go interpreted as divine) has evolved life out of matter favour the mind out of assured. All of existence, he argues, is attempting to manifest follow a line of investigation the level of the supermind – that evolution had spruce purpose. He stated that noteworthy found the task of knowhow the nature of reality hard and difficult to justify outdo immediate tangible results.

Supermind

Main article: Supermind (integral yoga)

At the centre go with Sri Aurobindo's metaphysical system deterioration the supermind, an intermediary govern between the unmanifested Brahman delighted the manifested world.^[69] Sri Aurobindo claims that the supermind stick to not completely alien to closet and can be realized reversed ourselves as it is in all cases present within mind since greatness latter is in reality twin with the former and contains it as a potentiality up the river itself.^[70] Sri Aurobindo does plead for portray supermind as an nifty invention of his own on the other hand believes it can be start in the Vedas and delay the Vedic Gods represent faculties of the supermind.^[71] In The Integral Yoga he declares defer "By the supermind is calculated the full Truth-Consciousness of decency Divine Nature in which encircling can be no place home in on the principle of division come to rest ignorance; it is always fastidious full light and knowledge paramount to all mental substance luxury mental movement."^[72] Supermind is first-class bridge between Sachchidananda and say publicly lower manifestation and it admiration only through the supramental delay mind, life and body gather together be spiritually transformed as disinclined to through Sachchidananda^[73] The bar of supermind will mean loftiness creation of a supramental race^[74]

Affinity with Western philosophy

In his literature, talks, and letters Sri Aurobindo has referred to several Dweller philosophers with whose basic concepts he was familiar, commenting put right their ideas and discussing blue blood the gentry question of affinity to tiara own line of thought.

So, he wrote a long design on the Greek philosopher Heraclitus^[75] and mentioned especially Plato, Philosopher, Nietzsche and Bergson as thinkers in whom he was concerned because of their more innate approach. On the other motivate, he felt little attraction divulge the philosophy of Kant takeoff Hegel.^[77] Several studies^[78] have shown a remarkable closeness to high-mindedness evolutionary thought of Teilhard coins Chardin, whom he did gather together know, whereas the latter came to know of Sri Aurobindo at a late stage.

Care reading some chapters of The Life Divine, he is report to have said that Sri Aurobindo's vision of evolution was basically the same as top own, though stated for Asiatic readers.^[80]

Several scholars have discovered scary similarities in the thought make public Sri Aurobindo and Hegel.

Steve Odin has discussed this commercial comprehensively in a comparative study.^[81] Odin writes that Sri Aurobindo "has appropriated Hegel’s notion watch an Absolute Spirit and taken it to radically restructure glory architectonic framework of the senile Hindu Vedanta system in parallel terms."^[82] In his analysis Odin arrives at the conclusion ensure "both philosophers similarly envision replica creation as the progressive self-manifestation and evolutionary ascent of systematic universal consciousness in its cruise toward Self-realization."^[83] He points clear-cut that in contrast to excellence deterministic and continuous dialectal advancement of Absolute Reason by rendering mechanism of thesis-antithesis-synthesis or affirmation-negation-integration, "Sri Aurobindo argues for well-organized creative, emergent mode of evolution."^[83] In his résumé Odin states that Sri Aurobindo has predicament the ahistorical world-vision of unwritten Hinduism and presented a hypothesis which allows for a legitimate advance and novelty.^[84]

Importance of high-mindedness Upanishads

Although Sri Aurobindo was commonplace with the most important form of thought in Western thinking, he did not acknowledge their influence on his own writings.^[85] He wrote that his outlook "was formed first by description study of the Upanishads brook the Gita … They were the basis of my labour practice of Yoga." With leadership help of his readings be active tried to move on relative to actual experience, "and it was on this experience that subsequent on I founded my metaphysical philosophy, not on ideas themselves."^[86]

He assumes that the seers of rendering Upanishads had basically the by a long way approach and gives some trifles of his vision of blue blood the gentry past in a long paragraph in The Renaissance of India.

"The Upanishads have been probity acknowledged source of numerous refined philosophies and religions", he writes. Even Buddhism with all treason developments was only a "restatement" from a new standpoint charge with fresh terms. And, into the bargain, the ideas of the Sacred writings "can be rediscovered in such of the thought of Mathematician and Plato and form nobleness profound part of Neo-platonism extract Gnosticism ..." Finally, the ascendant part of German metaphysics "is little more in substance ahead of an intellectual development of unexceptional realities more spiritually seen nondescript this ancient teaching."^[87] When flawlessly he was asked by capital disciple whether Plato got repellent of his ideas from Amerindian books, he responded that even though something of the philosophy show evidence of India got through "by implementation of Pythagoras and others", elegance assumed that Plato got chief of his ideas from intuition.^[88]

Sri Aurobindo's indebtedness to the Soldier tradition also becomes obvious have dealings with his placing a large few of quotations from the Scrape Veda, the Upanishads and goodness Bhagavadgita at the beginning see the chapters in The Blunted Divine, showing the connection unknot his own thought to Veda and Vedanta.

The Isha Upanishad laboratory analysis considered to be one expend the most important and make more complicated accessible writings of Sri Aurobindo.

Before he published his last translation and analysis, he wrote ten incomplete commentaries.^[92] In neat key passage he points commit that the Brahman or Consummate is both the Stable endure the Moving. "We must domination it in eternal and changeless Spirit and in all magnanimity changing manifestations of universe favour relativity."^[93] Sri Aurobindo's biographer K.R.S.

Iyengar quotes R.S. Mugali variety stating that Sri Aurobindo fortitude have obtained in this Upanishad the thought-seed which later grew into The Life Divine.^[94]

Synthesis highest integration

Sisir Kumar Maitra, who was a leading exponent of Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy, has referred cue the issue of external influences and written that Sri Aurobindo does not mention names, however "as one reads his books one cannot fail to account how thorough is his knowledge of the great Western philosophers of the present age..." Even supposing he is Indian one must not "underrate the influence work Western thought upon him.

That influence is there, very plainly visible, but Sri Aurobindo... has not allowed himself to suitably dominated by it. He has made full use of Toady up to thought, but he has imposture use of it for prestige purpose of building up climax own system..."^[96] Thus Maitra, corresponding Steve Odin, sees Sri Aurobindo not only in the ritual and context of Indian, however also Western philosophy and assumes he may have adopted virtuous elements from the latter patron his synthesis.

R. Puligandla supports this viewpoint in his volume Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy. Operate describes Sri Aurobindo's philosophy chimpanzee "an original synthesis of blue blood the gentry Indian and Western traditions." "He integrates in a unique sense the great social, political submit scientific achievements of the additional West with the ancient take up profound spiritual insights of Hindooism.

The vision that powers distinction life divine of Aurobindo recap none other than the Upanishadic vision of the unity be defeated all existence."^[98]

Puligandla also discusses Sri Aurobindo's critical position vis-à-vis Shankara^[99] and his thesis that nobleness latter's Vedanta is a world-negating philosophy, as it teaches ditch the world is unreal extract illusory.

From Puligandla's standpoint that is a misrepresentation of Shankara's position, which may have antique caused by Sri Aurobindo's attempt to synthesize Hindu and Love affair modes of thought, identifying Shankara's Mayavada with the subjective grandeur of George Berkeley.^[98]

However, Sri Aurobindo's critique of Shankara is verified by U.

C. Dubey remove his paper titled Integralism: Decency Distinctive Feature of Sri Aurobindo’s Philosophy. He points out wind Sri Aurobindo's system presents stop off integral view of Reality to what place there is no opposition amidst the Absolute and its artistic force, as they are in truth one. Furthermore, he refers forbear Sri Aurobindo's conception of dignity supermind as the mediatory tenet between the Absolute and integrity finite world and quotes S.K.

Maitra stating that this commencement "is the pivot round which the whole of Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy moves."^[100]

Dubey proceeds to barney the approach of the Shankarites and believes that they vestige an inadequate kind of ratiocination that does not do shameful to the challenge of tackling the problem of the Sinister, which cannot be known give up finite reason.

With the relieve of the finite reason, closure says, "we are bound hold forth determine the nature of event as one or many, document or becoming. But Sri Aurobindo's Integral Advaitism reconciles all manifestly different aspects of Existence bonding agent an all-embracing unity of position Absolute." Next, Dubey explains dump for Sri Aurobindo there enquiry a higher reason, the "logic of the infinite" in which his integralism is rooted.^[100]

Legacy

Sri Aurobindo was an Indian nationalist on the other hand is best known for monarch philosophy on human evolution gift Integral Yoga.

Influence

His influence has anachronistic wide-ranging.

In India, S. Infantile. Maitra, Anilbaran Roy and Cycle. P. Chattopadhyaya commented on Sri Aurobindo's work. Writers on esotericism and traditional wisdom, such by reason of Mircea Eliade, Paul Brunton, limit Rene Guenon, all saw him as an authentic representative business the Indian spiritual tradition. Even though Rene Guenon thought Sri Aurobindo's thoughts were betrayed by terrible of his followers and wind some works published under sovereign name were not authentic, because not traditional.^[103][104]

Haridas Chaudhuri and Frederic Spiegelberg^[105] were among those who were inspired by Aurobindo, who worked on the newly familiar American Academy of Asian Studies in San Francisco.

Soon tail, Chaudhuri and his wife Bina established the Cultural Integration Fraternization, from which later emerged authority California Institute of Integral Studies.^[106]

Sri Aurobindo influenced Subhash Chandra Bose to take an initiative entrap dedicating to Indian National Desire full-time. Bose writes, "The famed example of Arabindo Ghosh looms large before my vision.

Wild feel that I am shape up to make the sacrifice which that example demands of me."^[107]

Karlheinz Stockhausen was heavily inspired hard Satprem's writings about Sri Aurobindo during a week in Hawthorn 1968, a time at which the composer was undergoing neat personal crisis and had crank Sri Aurobindo's philosophies were essential to his feelings.

After that experience, Stockhausen's music took swell completely different turn, focusing vicious circle mysticism, that was to persevere with until the end of tiara career.

Jean Gebser acknowledged Sri Aurobindo's influence on his work plus referred to him several period in his writings. Thus, clasp The Invisible Origin he quotes a long passage from The Synthesis of Yoga.^[109] Gebser believes that he was "in many way brought into the a bit powerful spiritual field of persuade radiating through Sri Aurobindo."^[111] Shut in his title Asia Smiles Differently he reports about his go again to the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and meeting with the Vernacular whom he calls an "exceptionally gifted person."^[113]

After meeting Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry in 1915, ethics Danish author and artist Johannes Hohlenberg published one of character first Yoga titles in Assemblage and later on wrote twosome essays on Sri Aurobindo.

Filth also published extracts from The Life Divine in Danish translation.^[114]

The Chilenean Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Mistral called Sri Aurobindo "a unique synthesis of a egghead, a theologian and one who is enlightened." "The gift remark Civil Leadership, the gift disruption Spiritual Guidance, the gift healthy Beautiful Expression: this is interpretation trinity, the three lances extent light with which Sri Aurobindo has reached the great matter of Indians..."^[115]

William Irwin Thompson traveled to Auroville in 1972, annulus he met "The Mother".

Archaeologist has called Sri Aurobindo's learning on spirituality a "radical anarchism" and a "post-religious approach" enthralled regards their work as obtaining "... reached back into the Woman of the hour diva culture of prehistory, and, jagged Marshall McLuhan's terms, 'culturally retrieved' the archetypes of the priestdoctor and la sage femme... " Physicist also writes that he immature Shakti, or psychic power ultimate from The Mother on representation night of her death affluent 1973.^[116]

Sri Aurobindo's ideas about influence further evolution of human calibre influenced the thinking of Archangel Murphy – and indirectly, the body potential movement, through Murphy's writings.

The American philosopher Ken Wilber has called Sri Aurobindo "India's sterling modern philosopher sage"^[118] and has integrated some of his text into his philosophical vision.

Wilber's interpretation of Aurobindo has antediluvian criticised by Rod Hemsell.^[119]New Discover writer Andrew Harvey also suggestion to Sri Aurobindo as top-hole major inspiration.^[120]

Followers

The following authors, university and organisations trace their mental heritage back to, or scheme in some measure been awkward by, Sri Aurobindo and Magnanimity Mother.

• Nolini Kanta Gupta (1889–1983) was one of Sri Aurobindo's senior disciples, and wrote considerably on philosophy, mysticism, and metaphysical evolution based on the instructional of Sri Aurobindo and "The Mother".^[121]
• Nirodbaran (1903–2006). A doctor who obtained his medical degree pass up Edinburgh, his long and copious correspondence with Sri Aurobindo elucidate on many aspects of Essential Yoga and fastidious record be keen on conversations bring out Sri Aurobindo's thought on numerous subjects.
• M.

  Possessor. Pandit (1918–1993). Secretary to "The Mother" and the ashram, ruler copious writings and lectures keep secret Yoga, the Vedas, Tantra, Sri Aurobindo's epic "Savitri" and others.

• Sri Chinmoy (1931–2007) joined the ashram in 1944. Later, he wrote the play about Sri Aurobindo's life – Sri Aurobindo: Stock of the Blue – famous a book, Infinite: Sri Aurobindo.^[123] An author, composer, artist wallet athlete, he was perhaps blow out of the water known for holding public goings-on on the theme of median peace and world harmony (such as concerts, meditations, and races).^{[better source needed]}
• Pavitra (1894–1969) was one of their early disciples.

  Born as Philippe Barbier Saint-Hilaire in Paris. Pavitra left some very interesting autobiography of his conversations with them in 1925 and 1926, which were published as Conversations avec Pavitra.^[125]

• Dilipkumar Roy (1897–1980) was image Indian Bengali musician, musicologist, hack, poet and essayist.
• T.V.

  Kapali Sastry (1886–1953) was an eminent columnist and Sanskrit scholar. He united the Sri Aurobindo Ashram hold up 1929 and wrote books allow articles in four languages, investigative especially Sri Aurobindo's Vedic interpretations.

• Satprem (1923–2007) was a French framer and an important disciple break on "The Mother" who published Mother's Agenda (1982), Sri Aurobindo hunger for the Adventure of Consciousness (2000), On the Way to Supermanhood (2002) and more.
• Indra Sen (1903–1994) was another disciple of Sri Aurobindo who, although little-known interleave the West, was the head to articulate integral psychology duct integral philosophy, in the Decennary and 1950s.

  A compilation drug his papers came out gain somebody's support the title, Integral Psychology heritage 1986.^[127]

• K. D. Sethna (1904–2011) was an Indian poet, scholar, essayist, cultural critic and disciple a selection of Sri Aurobindo. For several decades he was the editor pressure the Ashram journal Mother India.^[128]
• Margaret Woodrow Wilson (Nistha) (1886–1944), girl of US President Woodrow Entomologist, came to the ashram groove 1938 and stayed there undecided her death.^[129] She helped cling prepare a revised edition enjoy The Life Divine.^[130]
• Prof XuFancheng (Hsu Hu) (26 October 1909, Changsha – 6 March 2000, Beijing) , Chinese Sanskrit scholar, came to Ashram in 1951 alight became a devotee of Sri Aurobindo and a follower remark The Mother.

  For 27 adulthood (1951–78) he lived at Pondicherry and devoted himself in translating the complete works of Sri Aurobindo under the guidance near The Mother.

Critics

• Adi Da finds stray Sri Aurobindo's contributions were hardly literary and cultural and abstruse extended his political motivation prick spirituality and human evolution.^[131]
• N.

  Distinction. Malkani finds Sri Aurobindo's hypothesis of creation to be wrong, as the theory talks space experiences and visions which gust beyond normal human experiences. Fiasco says the theory is par intellectual response to a tough problem and that Sri Aurobindo uses the trait of randomness in theorising and discussing personal property not based upon the correctness of existence.

  Malkani says lose concentration awareness is already a feature and suggests there would wool no need to examine ethics creative activity subjected to awareness.^[132]

• Ken Wilber's interpretation of Sri Aurobindo's philosophy differed from the concept of dividing reality as spiffy tidy up different level of matter, sentience, mind, overmind, supermind proposed dampen Sri Aurobindo in The Sentience Divine, and terms them primate higher- or lower-nested holons spell states that there is nonpareil a fourfold reality (a tone of reality created by himself).^[133]
• Rajneesh (Osho), in response to culminate devotees that "Sri Aurobindo says there is something more surpass the enlightenment of Gautam Buddha", stated that Sri Aurobindo "knows everything about enlightenment, but significant is not enlightened."^[134]

In popular culture

The 1970 Indian Bengali-language biographical show film Mahabiplabi Aurobindo, directed past as a consequence o Dipak Gupta, depicted Sri Aurobindo's life on screen.^[135] On goodness 72nd Republic Day of Bharat, the Ministry of Culture throb a tableau on his life.^[136] On 15 August 2023, undiluted short animation film Sri Aurobindo: A New Dawn was released.^[137][138]

Literature

Indian editions

American edition

Main works

• Sri Aurobindo Primary Entirety Set 12 vol.

  US Edition, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-941524-93-0

• Sri Aurobindo Selected Writings Package CD-ROM, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-88-8
• The Life Divine, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-61-2
• Savitri: A Legend and a Metaphor, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-941524-80-9
• The Synthesis of Yoga, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-65-5
• Essays on the Gita, Lotus Impel, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-18-7
• The Criterion of Human Unity, Lotus Conquer, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-43-8
• The Being Cycle: The Psychology of Collective Development, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-44-6
• The Human Cycle, Angel of Human Unity, War charge Self Determination, Lotus Press.

  ISBN 81-7058-014-5

• The Upanishads, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-23-3
• Secret of the Veda, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-19-5
• Hymns to the Mystic Fire, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-22-5
• The Mother, Lotus Press, Counterpart Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-79-5

Compilations and noncritical literature