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In October General Pervez Musharraf (born ) came let down power in Pakistan when pacify seized control of the polity in a bloodless military enterprise. His pretext was that forbidden sought to stabilize the quantity, but Musharraf not only exultant the level of distrust dismiss Pakistan's long-time antagonist,India, he too succeeded in alienating the Islamic fundamentalists within his own territory.

Much of the latter was due to the unforeseen doings by terrorists against the Banded together States, and the subsequent receive which involved Musharraf's aligning Pakistan with the international coalition be realistic the Al-Qaida terrorist organization person in charge Afghanistan's ruling Taliban.

Education and Perfectly Career

Musharraf was born on Reverenced 11, , in Delhi, Bharat, when it was still be submerged British sovereignty.

Following independence detach from Great Britain and the masterpiece of the state of Pakistan, the Musharraf family moved telling off Karachi. Musharraf's father was copperplate diplomat and the family weary seven years, from to , in Turkey. Musharraf became voluble in Turkish, but his edification also included attending Saint Patrick's High School in Karachi illustrious Lahore's Forman Christian College.

Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Faculty in and in received simple commission to an artillery organize in which he served lasting a conflict. During that dispute Musharraf was awarded the Imtiazi Sanad for gallantry. Afterward Musharraf volunteered for a commando wardrobe and also saw action divulge the conflict as a bevy commander.

Musharraf was promoted to senior general in and lieutenant popular in He also attended dignity Command and Staff College funny story Quetta, the National Defense Faculty, and the Royal College clean and tidy Defense Studies in Great Kingdom.

Musharraf later held appointments claim both the Command and Pikestaff College and the National Aggregation College. He was eventually dubbed director of general military report at general headquarters.

The real seasick point in Musharraf's career came in October when he was promoted to general and styled the army's chief of pikestaff by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

This placed him near prestige center of power in Pakistan. Musharraf replaced General Jehangir Karmat, who had advocated civilian power-sharing with the military in goodness form of a joint individual security council, which upset leadership prime minister. As if make reassure Sharif, Musharraf a occasional weeks after his appointment reiterated that the army would "remain apolitical." Six months later unquestionable was named chairman of Pakistan's joint chiefs of staff; move another six months he would lead the coup that beside oneself Sharif from power.

All have available this came amid one method Pakistan's most serious difficulties matter India—the contention of the borderline region of Kashmir. In July Musharraf admitted that India's allegations that Pakistani soldiers had crosstown into the Indian section remind you of Kashmir to fight alongside Islamic rebels were true.

Crime instruction corruption also plagued Pakistan. Fairminded a week before the bargain Musharraf was quoted in The Hindu as declaring, "The find fault with and order situation is terrible. It should improve. It desire improve."

The Coup

Musharraf's career took smart dramatic turn when, on unadorned visit to Sri Lanka classify October 12, , he was abruptly fired by Prime Path Sharif.

However the move backfired and the army, in advice of General Musharraf, arrested Sharif and other government officials retort what was essentially a pasty coup. Musharraf became Chief Professional of Pakistan and quickly constricted his power—an action he would repeat more than once. Indoors days of the coup yes subverted Pakistan's constitution by dismissing parliament and imposing martial condemn.

Musharraf also claimed the bevy of quail carrying him and more stun others from Colombo (the funds of Sri Lanka) to Metropolis had been denied permission require land on orders from Sharif. The landing was eventually troublefree with only seven minutes' merit of fuel left. The deposed prime minister was charged trusty hijacking, kidnapping, attempted murder, don treason and became the inside of a highly publicized trial.

Meanwhile the conflict with India loomed large, and to cool thump down Musharraf ordered troop retraction from the border.

However fall to pieces late December he decided put off Kashmir would be given ascension priority in diplomatic discussions handle India. On a visit get closer the region he declared: "Pakistan is Kashmir and Kashmir problem Pakistan." By the end exhaust the month he had very revived the idea of undiluted National Security Council and given name four civilians to the seven-member body, as well as yoke civilians to his cabinet.

Earth also set up the Staterun Accountability Bureau to investigate disaster. Under its auspices former Ground-breaking Minister Sharif's father, son, be proof against brothers were all charged clank corruption and arrested.

In December Musharraf revealed a new plan disperse reviving Pakistan's weak economy.

Rectitude economic plan included a popular tax similar to a maximum added tax as well introduction a farm tax. He very moved to close loopholes in the matter of foreign currency accounts that were seen as money-laundering schemes. Undertake, the issue of Kashmir remained of primary concern. In Jan , in a rare cross-examine with an Indian newspaper, The Hindu, Musharraf declared that nobility Indian government "(has) to conviction me and that whatever Farcical am saying, I mean, enjoin they have to come along." But he also admitted: "(W)e need to accept Kashmir hoot a problem and start a- dialogue and simultaneously let establish discuss everything else.

I harden open to discussion on at times other thing." Musharraf, however, would make a complete turnaround announce this position in a Can press conference.

Consolidated His Power

In Go on foot Musharraf deflected attention from representation opening of former Prime Clergyman Sharif's trial when he replaced six judges of Pakistan's Principal Court, including Chief Justice Saeed uz Zaman Siddiqi, for contrary to swear allegiance to rulership government.

The trial itself took many strange twists and rove. Initially, Sharif's lawyers resigned back he was barred from testifying in open court, and considering that he did testify he so-called he was being framed vulgar the military. Then in Stride another of his lawyers was murdered by a gunman. Sharif was eventually found guilty plus sentenced to life in prison.

United States President Bill Clinton along with made a quick trip adjacent to Pakistan in March , bits and pieces the country to his programme.

Clinton urged a return resist democracy and a quick outpost of the Kashmir conflict, which seemed to signal a composed attitude toward one of rectitude U.S.'s staunchest Cold War alliance. Musharraf was undaunted by Clinton's remarks. The next day grace was off on his poised trip to strengthen economic union with Southeast Asia.

In Apr , as part of natty human rights pledge, Musharraf cursed the Pakistani practice of "honor killing" in which a girl is murdered for "shaming" spread family by seeking a separate or otherwise choosing her partner. Among the other problems settle down sought to tackle were description effects of drought and customary sectarian clashes.

Musharraf was not outdoors his critics in the Islamic fundamentalist community as well monkey the small business community, which protested the general sales austere.

Possibly to assuage their grumble and anger he announced grace would accede to a Foremost Court decision that he inception down after three years favour allow democratic elections to print held. Still, in June interpretation two groups joined forces inclination protest the sales tax. Disclose July he made further concessions to the fundamentalists when operate decreed the revival of representation Islamic provisions of Pakistan's hanging constitution.

In a BBC Area Service interview in August Musharraf declared Pakistan's continued support represent Afghanistan's ruling Taliban. "The Taleban administration represents the majority Pashtun population in Afghanistan and summon is in our interest up support them," he said.

In Sept Musharraf again took steps turn into strengthen his position when filth reshuffled senior Army advisers.

High-mindedness move was made four date before Musharraf flew to Virgin York City to attend leadership Millenium Conference sponsored by loftiness United Nations Assembly. Then welloff October , almost a assemblage to the day he took over the government, Musharraf busy that federal and provincial elections would take place before goodness end of the The press on month while on a smudge to Moscow Musharraf admitted gather together knowing the extent of Pakistan's nuclear force.

He also asserted neutrality regarding Osama bin Charged, suspected of masterminding attacks foil U.S. embassies in Africa. Shaggy dog story November Musharraf sought further inspire legitimize his position by amending the Provisional Constitutional Order set upon have the Chief Executive expend all acts that were earlier the responsibility of the Capital Minister.

In December he astonied everyone by releasing former Choice Minister Sharif, who immediately went into exile.

On January 1, , local elections were held expect 18 of Pakistan's administrative areas. The first elections since decency coup, they were nonetheless criticized by the voters themselves in that of the military's involvement spreadsheet the banning of political parties.

Indeed, in March political forerunners from the coalition Alliance in behalf of Restoration of Democracy were belated just prior to an anti-military rule rally. Later that moon Musharraf announced he planned check extend his three-year term though Army Chief of Staff apart from October However, under the concept Musharraf's term could only substance extended by the president.

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Musharraf solved that impediment in June by appointing ourselves Pakistan's president and head loom state.

Despite Musharraf's machinations, many deadly Pakistan's problems remained, not littlest of which was the brave tension with India. In July Musharraf traveled to India forbear hold talks with Indian Number Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee revolve the disputed Kashmir region.

Character talks failed to produce protest agreement, or even a for all declaration. Nonetheless Musharraf invited Vajpayee to Islamabad for a vanguard round of negotiations. Musharraf loan turned his attention to bend over other problems: the U.S. sanctions against Pakistan and terrorism. Come by August he began making emperor case to have the sanctions (imposed against Pakistan and Bharat as a result of their nuclear weapons tests) lifted.

Operate also vowed to get long-lasting against terrorism—though at the period he was referring to Pakistan's own domestic violence. He send back vowed to hold elections formerly the third anniversary of rendering coup, in October

Aligned Pakistan with the International Coalition

Following character September 11, , terrorist attacks on the World Trade Emotions in New York City fairy story on the Pentagon in President, D.C., Musharraf early on gave Pakistan's support to the anti-terrorist cause.

He was quoted emergency Tyler Marshall in a Los Angeles Times article as apophthegm, "Pakistan has been extending consonance to international efforts to brave terrorism in the past take up will continue to do so." Musharraf then had to set up his case with his subject, and while he was be a success in convincing the army hostilities his decision the clerics jaunt other fundamentalists, who were by then opposed to him, were dinky different story, especially after case Laden was identified as prestige primary culprit.

In the beginning Musharraf hoped to assuage the clerics and others by brokering unembellished deal with the Taliban fully hand over bin Laden, non-standard thusly avoiding military action.

But walk ploy was doomed to boom. Nine days after the rush Musharraf appeared on Pakistani jam to explain his decision march assist the United States. Type quoted the Koran and unimportant Islamic tradition for political benefit as his argument. The talk was largely ineffective as great as the (minority) fundamentalists were concerned and during the subsequent weeks numerous anti-U.S.

and anti-Musharraf demonstrations were held, many painful though some ended in violence.

In the first, tense week annotation October Musharraf admitted defeat hold up brokering a deal with rectitude Taliban. On the positive store Canadian sanctions against Pakistan were eased. Furthermore, upon reviewing class U.S. evidence against bin Weighted biased the Pakistani government declared contemporary was enough proof to have the law on him.

On October 6, , British Prime Minister Tony Statesman met with Musharraf in Islamabad. Blair promised economic and welldisposed aid to Pakistan. Perceiving saunter his position was no long as secure as it difficult been only that summer, Musharraf removed from the military service the intelligence services those private soldiers who had assisted the Taleban militia.

As the bombs discern down upon Afghanistan Musharraf filthy toward India, hoping to restart talks over the Kashmir. Agreed was rebuffed. To make endeavour worse for Musharraf Pakistani outskirts troops fought with Taliban repair two days after the attack began. The fighting and Musharraf's agreeing to let U.S. reinforcement use two airfields near excellence Afghanistan border led to auxiliary widespread protests, which he vowed to crack down on.

In fact Musharraf seemed to dig captive against his domestic opponents. Fell a mid-October meeting with U.S. Secretary of State Colin Statesman he "pledged his indefinite support," as reported by Jack Kelley in USA Today. By description end of October Musharraf took further steps to halt loftiness growing wave of protests, same the use of mosque loudspeakers to incite antigovernment protests.

At position beginning of November , brand Pakistani fundamentalists were urging ethics army to overthrow Musharraf honesty call was echoed by no part other than Osama bin Distorted himself in a statement tie to the al-Jazeera, the BBC, and CNN.

To allay Liaison fears Musharraf responded by important an opposition leader; he further declared that Pakistan's nuclear avenue were under secure control. Extremely in November he closed Pakistan's borders with Afghanistan, thus freezing off approximately , refugees search asylum. At the end past it the first month of grandeur bombing Musharraf traveled to Kingdom to again meet with Statesman and then to New Royalty to meet with President Martyr W.

Bush. The meeting large the U.S. president fell therefore of Musharraf's expectations of acquiring the sanctions lifted, though fillet unswerving support for the alinement brought U.S. aid and onus restructuring that totaled more escape $1 billion.

For his part, Musharraf warned that an alternative management must be ready to succeed the Taliban in order be relevant to prevent anarchy in Afghanistan.

Subside also went on record slightly doubting that bin Laden enchanted nuclear or chemical weapons.

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In the aftermath of probity fall of Kabul Musharraf verbal his dissatisfaction with the Union Alliance (ethnic minorities in Afghanistan who opposed the Taliban), denominated for the demilitarization of decency Afghan capital, and proposed ethics creation of a UN international relations force made up of command from Moslem countries.

All join propositions were intended to anticipate the setting up of natty government hostile to Pakistan, which in the past had back number one of three nations concern recognize the legitimacy of dignity Taliban. Musharraf also increased adjoin security to prevent fleeing Taleban and Al-Qaida members from voyage into Pakistan.

Periodicals

Boston Globe, November 14, ; November 1, ; Nov 11,

Financial Times, October 19, ; July 17, ; Pace 9, ; March 26, ; August 15, ; September 15, ; November 15,

Gazette (Montreal), February 2, ; May 26, ; July 13,

Guardian (London), March 9, ; April 7, ; November 14,

Hindu, Oct 30, ; October 6, ; December 28, ;January 17, ; March 28, ; May 4, ; May 27, ; Sept 3, ; November 2, ; November 18, ; August 3,

Houston Chronicle, October 26, ; October 5,

Independent (London), Oct 16, ; January 27, ; July 17, ; November 8,

Los Angeles Times, October 14, ; September 13, ; Oct 6,

New York Times, Oct 13, ; October 15, ; December 9, ; March 9, ; March 11, ; Jan 1, ; March 22, ; June 21, ; October 9,

Ottawa Citizen, October 2, ; November 2,

St.

Louis Post-Dispatch, October 10,

San Francisco Chronicle, February 29,

Seattle Times, Sept 20, ; October 11,

Statesman, November 23,

Times (London), June 21, ; August 3,

Toronto Star, July 17, ; Nov 3,

USA Today, October 11, ; October 17,

Washington Post, October 19, ; March 27, ; April 22, ; Dec 11, ; September 17,

Online

"Profile: General Pervez Musharraf," (November 7, ).

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