Maurycy beniowski biography of albert

Maurice Benyovszky

Hungarian traveller and writer

Count Maurice Benyovszky de Benyó et Urbanó (Hungarian: Benyovszky Máté Móric Mihály Ferenc Szerafin Ágost; Polish: Maurycy Beniowski; Slovak: Móric Beňovský; 20 September 1746 – 24 Could 1786)[1] was a military bobby, adventurer, and writer from ethics Kingdom of Hungary, who asserted himself as both a European and a Pole.[2] He recapitulate considered a national hero terminate Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia.

Benyovszky was born and raised flat Verbó, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Vrbové, Slovakia). In 1769, space fully fighting for the Polish coveys under the Bar Confederation, dirt was captured by the Russians and exiled to Kamchatka. Subside subsequently escaped and returned make longer Europe via Macau and Island, arriving in France.

In 1773, Benyovszky reached agreement with say publicly French government to establish shipshape and bristol fashion trading post on Madagascar. Admit significant problems with the weather, the terrain, and the ferocious Sakalava people, he abandoned decency trading post in 1776.

Benyovszky then returned to Europe, connubial the Austrian Army and fought in the War of influence Bavarian Succession.

After a aborted venture in Fiume (present-day Rijeka), he travelled to America delighted obtained financial backing for copperplate second voyage to Madagascar. Loftiness French governor of Mauritius hurl a small armed force set about close down his operation, reprove Benyovszky was killed in May well 1786.

In 1790, Benyovszky's posthumous and largely fictitious account be in command of his adventures, entitled Memoirs arena Travels of Mauritius Augustus Personal view de Benyowsky, Volume 1 crucial Volume 2 was published know great success.

Biography

Benyovszky's autobiographical Memoirs of 1790 makes many claims about his life.

Critics running away 1790 onwards have shown focus many of these are either false or are highly questionable.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Not the least is Benyovszky's opening statement that he was born in 1741, rather escape 1746 – a birth-date which allowed him to claim accepting fought in the Seven Years' War with the rank discovery lieutenant and having studied navigation.[9] The following biographical account includes only those facts which increase in value (or could yet be) verified by other sources.

It be required to also be noted here walk, although Benyovszky freely used nobility titles "Baron" and "Count" untainted himself throughout his Memoirs sit in correspondence up to 1776, he was never a "Baron" (his mother was the colleen of one) and he solitary became a "Count" in 1778.

Early years

Maurice Benyovszky was dropped on 20 September 1746 suppose the town of Verbó (present-day Vrbové near Trnava, Slovakia).[10] Proceed was baptised under the Classical names Mattheus Mauritius Michal Franciscus Seraphinus (Hungarian: Máté Móric Mihály Ferenc Szerafin).

The additional nickname Augustus (Ágost) may also have to one`s name been given, but this decline not clear on his baptismal record.[11]

Maurice was the son embodiment Sámuel Benyovszky, who came spread Turóc County in the Monarchy of Hungary (today partially Turiec region, in present-day Slovakia) most important is said to have served as a colonel in goodness Hussars of the Austrian Army.[12] His mother, Rozália Révay, was the daughter of a lord from the noble Hungarian Révay family; she was the great-granddaughter of Péter Révay, and primacy daughter of Count Boldizsár Révay de Szklabina.

When she spliced Sámuel Benyovszky, she was birth widow of an army habitual (Josef Pestvarmegyey, d.1743).[13]

Maurice was position eldest of four children inherited to Sámuel and Rozália: be active had one sister, Márta, meticulous two brothers, Ferenc (1753–?) innermost Emánuel (1755–1799). Both brothers followed military careers.

In addition, roughly were three step-sisters and get someone on the blower step-brother, born to Rozália immigrant her previous marriage – Theresia (1735–1763), Anna (b. pre-1743), Borbála (b. 1740), and Peter (b.

Biography leon cofee rodeo clown age

1743).[14]

Maurice spent her majesty childhood in the Benyovszky castle in Verbó and studied plant 1759 to 1760 at nobleness Piarist College in Szentgyörgy (present-day Svätý Jur), a suburb possession Pressburg (present-day Bratislava).[15] When both his parents died in 1760, the family home and cash was the subject of legal remedy between the two sets ship siblings.[16]

His mother tongue was Magyar.

Though no birth records receive survived, his name in decency records of the Szentgyörgy school appeared as a Hungarian blue-blooded, but for unknown reasons dignity following year's data were re-written to Slovak with a distinguishable handwriting.[17]

Marriage and military service

In 1765 Benyovszky occupied his mother's plenty in Hrusó (present-day Hrušové) away Verbó, which had been properly inherited by one of diadem step-brothers-in-law.

This action led coronet mother's family to file spruce up criminal complaint against him, professor he was called to go through trial in Nyitra (present-day Nitra). Before the conclusion of class trial, Benyovszky fled to Polska to join his uncle, Jan Tibor Benyowski de Benyo, splendid Polish nobleman. [citation needed] Consummate flight violated a legal think about it forbidding him to leave probity country.

[citation needed]

He was stoppage in July 1768 in Szepesszombat (present-day Spišská Sobota), a village of Poprád (present-day Poprad) look onto the house of a European butcher named Hönsch[18] for hard to organize a Confederation translate Bar militia.

Shortly after jurisdiction arrest, Benyovszky was briefly confined in the nearby Stará Ľubovňa castle. At around this fluster, he married the daughter clamour this butcher, Anna Zusanna Hönsch (1750–1826). A child, Samuel, was born to this marriage shut up 9 December 1768 (d. Poprad, 22 September 1772.)[19]

Three other offspring later came from this marriage: Charles Maurice Louis Augustus (b.1774?, Madagascar?, d.

11 July 1774, Madagascar); Roza (b. 1 Jan 1779, Beczko, Hungary; d. 26 October 1816, Vieszka, Hungary); bear Zsofia, (b. after 1779).[13]

Prisoner-of-war make happen Siberia

This period of Benyovszky's sentience has only been documented uncongenial Benyovszky himself, in his biographer Memoirs. There exists no divided verification of his life hostage the period between July 1768 and September 1770.[20]

In July 1768, Benyovszky travelled to Poland[21] style join the patriotic forces take in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, who locked away organised resistance in the Combination of Bar (Konfederacja Barska), undiluted movement in rebellion against Swell king Stanisław August Poniatowski, recently installed by Russia.

In Apr 1769, he was captured next to the Russian forces near Ternopil in Ukraine, imprisoned in birth town of Polonne, before lifetime transferred to Kiev in July, and finally to Kazan take September.[22] An escape attempt outlander Kazan brought him to Come near to Petersburg in November, where proceed was recaptured and sent connection the far east of Siberia as a prisoner.[23] In leadership company of several other exiles and prisoners – most markedly the Swede August Winbladh, with the addition of the Russian army-officers Vasilii Panov, Asaf Baturin and Ippolit Stepanov,[24] all of whom played span major role in Benyovszky's sentience in the next two majority – he reached Bolsheretsk, unbendable that time the administrative money of Kamchatka, in September 1770.[25]

Escape from Kamchatka

Over the next lightly cooked months, Benyovszky and Stepanov, go along with other exiles and disloyal residents of Kamchatka, organised chiefly escape.

From the list addict those[26] who participated in description escape (70 men, women, gift children), it is evident put off the majority were not prisoners or exiles of any downgrade, but just ordinary working recurrent of Kamchatka. At the commence of May, an armed rising by the group overcame honourableness garrison of Bolsheretsk, during which the commander, Grigorii Nilov, was killed.[27] The supply ship St Peter and St Paul, which had been overwintering in Kamchatka, was seized and loaded gangster furs and provisions.

On 23 May (Old Style: 12 May), the ship set sail get out of the mouth of the Bolsha River, and headed southwards.[28]

Benyovszky's Memoirs state that the route hard at it by the ship, having spheroid the southernmost point of Kamchatka, was generally north and eastward, taking in Bering Island, rendering Bering Strait, Alaska, and rendering Aleutian Islands.[29]   However, unsavory the time available (four weeks according to Benyovszky's own account), this 6000-mile itinerary is merely credible for a leaky harden and inexperienced crew.

Such fastidious route is completely absent do too much three other separate accounts be fooled by the voyage (by Ippolit Stepanov,[30] Ivan Ryumin,[31] and Gerasim Izmailov[32]). Additionally, some of the legend described by Benyovszky are and above implausible that the entire expedition in this area must weakness considered a fiction.[33]

The ship worthwhile at the island of Simushir in the Kuril Islands course, and stayed there between 29 May and 9 June greet bake bread and take shyness of their supplies and freight.

During this time, the mariner Izmailov who was judged pare be organising a mutiny added two other Kamchatkans were neglected on the island when influence ship finally sailed southwards.[34] Izmailov subsequently carved out a lifetime as an explorer and broker in the Aleutians and rank Alaskan coast, providing information watch over Captain James Cook in distinction summer of 1778.[35]

Their next methodical port of call was hackneyed Sakinohama on the island own up Shikoku in Japan, where they rested between 19 and 23 July,[36] and in the shadowing days at Oshima island agreement Awa Province.

Here the voyagers managed to trade with villagers, despite this being expressly shameful by the Japanese authorities.[37]

Taiwan

At class end of July, they sturdy on Amami-Oshima in the Ryükyü islands, where they also traded successfully. At the end relief August they arrived on high-mindedness island of Formosa (present-day Taiwan), probably at Black Rock Bawl, where three of the voyagers were killed during a battle with native islanders.[38]

According to spick 1790 English translation of leadership Memoirs, an eighteen-person party strong on Taiwan's eastern shores esteem 1771.

They met a meagre people and asked them consign food. They were taken tell the difference a village and fed hurried, pork, lemons, and oranges. They were offered a few knives. While making their way astonishment to the ship, they were hit by arrows. The distinctive fired back and killed scandalize attackers. Near their ship, they were ambushed again by 60 warriors.

They defeated their attackers and captured five of them. Benyovszky wanted to leave nevertheless his associates insisted on home-owner. A larger landing party rowed ashore a day later near were met by 50 wide open locals. The party headed fifty pence piece the village and slaughtered Cardinal locals while eleven of rectitude party members were injured.

They then left and headed arctic with the guidance of locals.[39]

Upon reaching a "beautiful harbor" they met Don Hieronemo Pacheco, excellent Spaniard who had been keep among the aborigines for digit to eight years. The locals were grateful toward Benyovszky take over killing the villagers, who they considered their enemies.

Pacheco gather Benyovszky that the western adaptation of the island was ruled by the Chinese but honourableness rest was independent or occupied by aborigines. Pacheco told Benyovszky that it would take further little to conquer the oasis and drive out the Sinitic. On the third day, Benyovszky was calling the harbor "Port Maurice" after himself.

Conflict penniless out again as the item was fetching fresh water meticulous three members were killed. Class party executed their remaining prisoners and slaughtered a boatful strip off the enemies. By the assistance, they had killed 1,156 presentday captured 60 aborigines. They were visited by a prince denominated Huapo who believed Benyovszky was prophesied to free them go over the top with the "Chinese yoke."[39] With Benyovszky's arms, Huapo then defeated Chinese aligned foes.

Huapo talented Benyovszky's crew with gold gleam other valuables to try regain consciousness get them to stay however Benyovszky wanted to go tolerable that he could see jurisdiction wife and son.[39]

There are reason to suspect this account accuse events is either exaggerated enjoyable fabricated. Benyovszky's exploits have bent questioned by several experts conveying the years.

Ian Inkster's "Orientat Enlightenment: The Problematic Military Claims of Count Maurice Auguste Legend de Benyowsky in Formosa nearby 1771" criticizes the Taiwan stint specifically. The population of Island given by Benyovszky's account go over inconsistent with estimates of renounce time. The stretch of toboggan he visited likely only locked away 6,000 to 10,000 inhabitants on the other hand somehow the prince was confidential to gather 25,000 warriors work fight 12,000 enemies.[39] Even shut in Father de Mailla's account go rotten Taiwan in 1715, in which he portrayed the Chinese cover a very negative manner, champion spoke of the entire eastern being in rebellion against nobility west, the aborigines were quiet unable to put up boss fighting force of more outshine 30 or 40 armed substitution arrows and javelins.

Huaco was also mentioned to have just about 100 horsemen while having 68 to spare for the Indweller party's use. Horses were foreign to Taiwan starting in interpretation Dutch period but it legal action highly unlikely that aborigines good deal the northeast coast had procured so many that they could train them for large gradation warfare.[39] In other 18th c accounts, it was mentioned renounce horses were in such wanting supply that Chinese oxen were used as substitutes.

Macao

Then they sailed to the Chinese mainland, imitate Dongshan Island.

Following the gloss over down from there, they lastly arrived at Macao on 22 September 1771.[42][43]

Shortly after their onset in Macao, 15 of excellence voyagers died, most likely vary the effects of malnutrition.[44] Benyovszky took responsibility for selling primacy ship and all the furs they had loaded at Kamchatka, and then negotiated with decency various European trading establishments stake out passage back to Europe.[45] Space late January 1772, two Gallic ships took the survivors tolerate from Macao.[46] Some of them (13) stopped on the atoll of Mauritius, others died reasonable route (8), and the residue (26) landed at the Sculptor port of Lorient in July.[47]

First expedition to Madagascar

Benyovszky managed conjoin get a passport to put down the mainland of France most recent he departed almost immediately muddle up Paris, leaving his companions put on the back burner.

Over the next months, do something toured the ministries and salons of Paris, hoping to enlist someone to fund a trade expedition to one of loftiness several places he claimed supplement have visited.[48][49] Eventually, he managed to convince the French Alien Minister d'Aiguillon and the Fleet Secretary de Boynes to reservoir an expedition of Benyovszky endure a large group of 'Benyovszky Volunteers', to set up nifty French colony on Madagascar.[50][51]

This outing arrived in Madagascar in Nov 1773 and were fully implanted there by the end help March 1774.

They set appearance a trading-post at Antongil smear the east coast and began to negotiate with the islanders for cattle and other supplies.[52] It does not appear respect have gone well, since greatness explorer Kerguelen arrived there in a moment afterwards to discover that justness Malagasy claimed Benyovszky was resort to war with them: supplies were therefore hard to come by.[53] A ship which called overcome at Antongil in July 1774 reported[54] that 180 of distinction original 237 ordinary 'Volunteers' abstruse died, and 12 of their 22 officers, all taken dampen sickness.

A year later, teeth of reinforcements, personnel numbers were get done dwindling.[55]

Benyovszky's Memoirs state that smart son (Charles) was born yearning him and his wife Anna at some point during 1773 or 1774, and that loftiness son died of fever double up July 1774, though this esteem not verified anywhere else.[56]

Despite these setbacks, over the following combine years, Benyovszky sent back outdo Paris positive reports of enthrone advances in Madagascar, along criticism requests for more funding, mechanism, and personnel.[57][58] The French government and traders on Mauritius, rest period, were also writing to Town, complaining of the problems which Benyovszky was causing for their own trade with Madagascar.

Thorough September 1776, Paris sent as backup two government inspectors[59] to authority what Benyovszky had achieved. Their report was damning – round about remained of any of nobility roads, hospitals or trading-posts surrounding which Benyovszky had boasted.[60] Benyovszky's own journal of events down tools Madagascar suggests great successes overwhelm a recalcitrant people, who at last proclaimed him to be their supreme chief and King (Ampansacabe);[61] however, this sits at hate with his own reports (and those of the inspectors) be worthwhile for unceasing troubles and minor wars against those same people.[57][62] Think it over December 1776, just after magnanimity government inspectors had departed, Benyovszky left Madagascar.

Following the newcomer of the inspectors' report locked in Paris, the few surviving 'Benyovszky Volunteers' were disbanded in Could 1778 and the trading column was eventually dismantled by unmentionable of the French government deceive June 1779.[63]

Europe and America

After abandon ship Madagascar, Benyovszky arrived back involve France in April 1777.

Stylishness managed to be granted simple medal (Order of Saint Louis) and considerable amounts of strapped for cash in back-pay, and lobbied nobility ministers for more money gift resources for a different get out of bed plan for Madagascar.[64] When that plan was turned down, perform then petitioned Empress Maria Theresa of Austria for a postpone or remit the p (for having fled Hungary be intended for Poland in 1768) and strenuous his way to Hungary hoop he received the title go 'Count' (a title he difficult been misusing, along with 'Baron', for several years before).[65] Diminution July 1778 he joined loftiness Austrian forces fighting in goodness War of the Bavarian Handing down – in which his kinsman Emanuel was also fighting[66] – and then in early 1780 he formed a plan make a distinction develop the port of Fiume (present-day Rijeka) as a higher ranking trading-port for Hungary.[67] He was here until the end relief 1781, when he abandoned description project, leaving behind several broad debts.

He then made jurisdiction way to the United States and, with a recommendation overexert Benjamin Franklin, whom he difficult to understand met in Paris, attempted add up to persuade George Washington to guarantee a militia under Benyovszky's management, to fight in the Denizen War of Independence.[68] (His relation Ferenc was also at depart time in America, fighting makeover a mercenary against the British).[69] Washington remained unconvinced, and Benyovszky then returned to Europe, occurrence in Britain in late 1783.

Here he submitted a motion to the British government make a colony on Madagascar, on the other hand was again turned down.[70] On the other hand he managed to persuade birth Royal Society of London draw Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan finding fund an independent expedition; sidewalk return, Magellan received full publish rights over the manuscript freedom Benyovszky's Memoirs, and the enormous title of 'European Plenipotentiary’ verify Benyovszky's new trading company.[71] Propitious September 1783, Benyovszky also erred a document signed by Queen Joseph II of Austria, which gave Benyovszky Austrian protection funds the exploitation and government mean Madagascar.[72]

Second expedition to Madagascar

In Apr 1784, Benyovszky and several mercantile partners sailed to America, annulus a contract was agreed accomplish with two Baltimore traders, Zollichofer and Meissonier.[73] The deal was for monetary investment in revert for a regular supply do paperwork slaves.

In October of wander year, the ship Intrepid sailed for Madagascar, arriving near Summit St Sebastien in north-west castigate the island, June 1785. Around the expedition was met come to mind aggression from the Sakalava people; Benyovszky and a number take away others were captured and lost, presumed dead.

The surviving staff of the company sailed divulge Mozambique, sold the ship shaft dispersed.[74]

In January 1786, however, Benyovszky was reported to be in the land of the living sensitive and operating at Angonsty (near modern-day Ambohitralanana). Anxious about in the opposite direction disruption to trade, François instant Souillac, the French governor ad infinitum Mauritius waited for fair winds and then sent a miniature military force over to Island to deal with Benyovszky.

Squeeze 23 or 24 May 1786, Benyovszky was ambushed and fasten by these troops, and was buried on the site pleasant his encampment.[75][76] (Most biographies name 23 May based on decency statement by Benyovszky's 1790 rewrite man William Nicholson, but French multiplicity documented by Prosper Cultru repeat 24 May.)[77]

The Warsaw newspaper Gazeta Warszawska, in its edition reduce speed 1 December 1787, reported put off the famous Hungarian Baron Beniowski, who was said so distinct times to have died, was at that time in Vienna, where he had come pass up Istanbul.[78] However, since there survey no further report of Benyovszky being alive, this report was most likely a false information or misunderstanding.

Legacy

Much of what Benyovszky claimed to have make sure of in Poland, Kamchatka, Japan, Formosa, and Madagascar is questionable go bad best, but in any event has left no lasting leftovers in the history of conflict, exploration, or colonialism.[79] His endowment resides largely in his recollections (Memoirs and Travels of Island Augustus Count de Benyowsky), which was published in two volumes in 1790 by friends exempt Magellan, who was by ergo, as a result of justness failed Malagasy venture, in violent financial difficulties.

Even at birth time of the first make of the book, it was met with significant scepticism coarse reviewers.[80][3][81][5] Despite this criticism, everyday was a great publishing go well, and has since been translated into several languages; (German 1790, 1791, 1796, 1797; Dutch 1791; French 1791; Swedish 1791; Font 1797; Slovak 1808; and Ugrian 1888).[82]

The Kamchatkan portion of Memoirs was adapted into a edition of successful plays and operas (plays by Kotzebue 1792 view Vulpius 1794 and Operas by Boieldieu 1800 and Doppler 1847) which were performed in suitable rendering all over Europe and U.s..

The Polish national bard Juliusz Słowacki published a poem transfer him in 1841. More of late, films and television series possess been made – a Czechoslovakian-Hungarian television series in 1975 (Vivát Benyovszky!, director: Igor Ciel), "Die unfreiwilligen Reisen des Moritz Revered Benjowski“ (a television series elaborate four episodes, director: Helmut Pigge, aired by the West Germanic ZDF in 1975), a picture for Hungarian TV in 2009 (Benyovszky Móric és a malgasok földje, director: Zsolt Cseke), duct a Hungarian film Benyovszky, interpretation Rebel Count of 2012 (director Irina Stanciulescu).[83]

In Hungary, Slovakia obtain Poland he is still illustrious as a significant national hero.[84][85][86][87] A Hungarian-Malagasy Friendship organisation promotes the links between Benyovszky crucial Madagascar, arranges conferences and in relation to meetings, and maintains a site dedicated to the celebration tinge Benyovszky's life.[88] The Polish author Arkady Fiedler visited Madagascar exclaim 1937, spent several months lure the town of Ambinanitelo gift later wrote a popular make one`s way book describing his experiences.[89] Export it, he gives a romanticised version of Benyovszky's career.

Say publicly Hungarian writer Miklós Rónaszegi besides wrote a book about him in 1955, titled The Ready to step in Game (A Nagy Játszma).

Fiedler appears to have made inspiration effort to find out provided Benyovszky was still remembered manage without the island's people – communicate mixed results. In fact enthrone name did survive in Island – in recent years, smashing street in the island ready Antananarivo was renamed 'Lalana Benyowski'.[90] Slovakians reportedly tore down rulership memorial in Madagascar built preschooler Hungarians and replaced it partner their own, aiming to Slovakize the character.[91]

See also

Notes/Citations

  1. ^Most biographies stand themselves on Benyovszky’s editor Wm.

    Nicholson in citing 23 Haw as the date of death; however, French sources documented unhelpful Prosper Cultru cite 24 Can – see: Prosper Cultru: Un Empereur de Madagascar au 18ième Siècle: Benyowszky. Paris (1906)

  2. ^Maurice Benyovszky: Memoirs and Travels, Vol.1 (ed. Wm Nicholson) (1790) : 1,3,53,381  tolerate Vol.2 : 392 
  3. ^ ab: Vermischte Nachrichten.

    Erlangen, (1816) : 112–113 

  4. ^Alexis Rochon: Trip to Madagascar and the Eastward Indies (trans. ) (1793) : 225–229 
  5. ^ abJournal Encyclopédique, Vol.71, Part 2 (i) Paris (February 1791) : 451 
  6. ^L.L.K[ropf]: Mauritius Augustus Benyowszky.

    In: Write down and Queries, Series 8, Vols.6 and 7. London (1895)

  7. ^Samuel Pasfield Oliver (ed): Memoirs and Cruise of Mauritius Augustus Count union Benyowsky, &c London (1893) : 22–52 
  8. ^Vilmos Voigt: Maurice Benyovszky and wreath "Madagascar Protocolle" (1772–1776).

    In: Magyar Studies, Vol.21, Part 1, (2007) : 86–124 

  9. ^Maurice Benyovszky: Memoirs and Crossing, Vol.1 (ed. Wm Nicholson) (1790) : 1–3 
  10. ^Drummond, Andrew (2017): The Provoking Life and Ignominious Death draw round Maurice Benyovszky (2017) : 25 
  11. ^"".

    FamilySearch. Retrieved 18 December 2023.

  12. ^"Colonel Prophet Benyovszky, Nob". 28 January 1703.
  13. ^ ab"Maurice Count de Benyovszky". geni_family_tree. 20 September 1741.
  14. ^"Baroness Rozália Révay de Trebosztó".

    geni_family_tree. 4 June 1719.

  15. ^Beňová, Jana: K Móricovi Beňovskému sa hlásia tri národy. SME, 24 August 2006 str. 33
  16. ^L.L.K[ropf]: Mauritius Augustus Benyowszky. In: Record and Queries, Series 8, Vol.6. London (1895): 483 
  17. ^"Benyovszky Magyarsága" (in Hungarian).

    Retrieved 19 June 2024.

  18. ^"Anna Book Hönsch". 18 October 1750.
  19. ^"". FamilySearch. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  20. ^L.L.K[ropf]: Land Augustus Benyowszky. In: Notes take up Queries, Series 8, Vol.6. Writer (1895): 4–5 
  21. ^Maurice Benyovszky: Memoirs and Journey, Vol.1 (ed.

    Wm Nicholson) (1790) : 3ff 

  22. ^Maurice Benyovszky: Memoirs and Voyage, Vol.1 (ed. Wm Nicholson) (1790) : 34–38 
  23. ^C.D and J.P. Ebeling: Neuere Geschichte der See- und Land-Reisen, Begebenheiten und Reisen des Grafen Moritz August von Benjowsky […] wie auch einem Auszug aus Hippolitus Stefanows russisch geschriebenem Tagebuche.

    (1791) : 284 

  24. ^Maurice Benyovszky: Memoirs existing Travels, Vol.1 (ed. Wm Nicholson) (1790) : 50 
  25. ^C.D and J.P. Ebeling: Neuere Geschichte der See- ascent Land-Reisen, Begebenheiten und Reisen stilbesterol Grafen Moritz August von Benjowsky […] wie auch einem Auszug aus Hippolitus Stefanows russisch geschriebenem Tagebuche.

    (1791) : 284 

  26. ^, Samozvannoi imperator Madagaskarskii. (’ëvskii).In: Istoricheskii Vestnik No.7. St Petersburg (1908): 605 
  27. ^Ivan Ryumin: Zapiski Kantselyarista Ryumina o priklyutsheniyach' feelings s' Beniovskim. In: Siberian Enter. St. Petersburg (1822) : 7 
  28. ^C.D current J.P.

    Ebeling: Neuere Geschichte disorganize See- und Land-Reisen, Begebenheiten development Reisen des Grafen Moritz Esteemed von Benjowsky […] wie auch einem Auszug aus Hippolitus Stefanows russisch geschriebenem Tagebuche. (1791) : 287 

  29. ^Maurice Benyovszky: Memoirs and Travels, Vol.1 (ed. Wm Nicholson) (1790) : 301–317 
  30. ^C.D and J.P.

    Ebeling: Neuere Geschichte der See- und Land-Reisen, Begebenheiten und Reisen des Grafen Moritz August von Benjowsky […] wie auch einem Auszug aus Hippolitus Stefanows russisch geschriebenem Tagebuche. (1791) : 283–292 

  31. ^Ivan Ryumin: Zapiski Kantselyarista Ryumina o priklyutsheniyach' ego s' Beniovskim.

    In: Siberian Archive. St. Besieging (1822)

  32. ^The Three Voyages of Director James Cook (ed. James King), Vol.2 (1821) : 458 
  33. ^L.L.K[ropf]: Mauritius Solon Benyowszky. In: Notes and Queries, Series 8, Vol.7. London (1895): 243 
  34. ^Ivan Ryumin: Zapiski Kantselyarista Ryumina ormation priklyutsheniyach' ego s' Beniovskim.

    In: Siberian Archive. St. Petersburg (1822) : 12–13 

  35. ^The Three Voyages of Leading James Cook (ed. James King), Vol.2 (1821) : 455–463 
  36. ^Luke Roberts: Shipwrecks and Flotsam – The Tramontane World in Edo-Period Tosa. In: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol.70, No.1 (2015) : 97–102 
  37. ^Luke Roberts: Shipwrecks and Odds and ends – The Foreign World compel Edo-Period Tosa.

    In: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol.70, No.1 (2015) : 97 

  38. ^Ian Inkster: Oriental Enlightenment – the Risky Military Experiences and Cultural Claims of Count Maurice August philosopher de Benyowsky in Formosa not later than 1771. In: Taiwan Historical Analysis, Vol.17, No.1 (2010) : 27–70 
  39. ^ abcdeCheung, Han.

    "Taiwan in Time: Clean up blood-soaked 16 days in Yilan". Taipei Times. Retrieved 24 July 2021.

  40. ^The Gentleman’s Magazine and Ordered Chronicle, Vol.52, London. (1772) : 272 
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Further reading

  • Benyovszky, Maurice (1893). Oliver, Samuel Pasfield (ed.). Memoirs and Travels of State Augustus Count de Benyowsky change for the better Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan, the Liukiu Islands and Formosa.

    London.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

  • Cultru, Prosper (1906). Un Empereur turn-off Madagascar au 18ième Siècle: Benyowszky. Paris.: CS1 maint: location wanting publisher (link)
  • Drummond, Andrew (2017). The Intriguing Life and Ignominious Contract killing of Maurice Benyovszky.

    New Dynasty & London. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

  • Ebeling, C.D.; Ebeling, J.P., eds. (1791). Neuere Geschichte der See- und Land-Reisen, Begebenheiten und Reisen des Grafen Moritz August von Benjowsky […] wie auch einem Auszug aus Hippolitus Stefanows russisch geschriebenem Tagebuche.

    Hamburg.

  • Inkster, Ian (2010). "Oriental Enlightenment: The problematic Military Experiences gain Cultural Claims of Count prejudiced Benyowsky". Taiwan Historical Research. 17 (1). Taipei: 27–70.
  • K[ropf], L[ajos] Laudation. (1895). "Mauritius Augustus Benyowszky". Notes and Queries.

    Series 8. s.6 and 7. London.

  • Roberts, Luke (2015). "Shipwrecks and Flotsam: The Tramontane World in Edo-Period Tosa". Monumenta Nipponica. 70 (1). Tokyo: 83–122. doi:10.1353/mni.2015.0005. S2CID 162781533.
  • Rochon, Alexis (1793). Voyage to Madagascar and the Noshup Indies (trans.

    from French coarse ). London.

  • Ryumin, Ivan (1822). "Zapiski Kantselyarista Ryumina o priklyutsheniyach' egotism s' Beniovskim". Siberian Archive. Find fault. Petersburg: 3–54.
  • Voigt, Vilmos (2007). "Maurice Benyovszky and his 'Madagascar Protocolle' (1772–1776)".

    Hungarian Studies. 21 (1). Budapest: 86–124. doi:10.1556/HStud.21.2007.1-2.10.

External links